There is some degree of imbalance on group sizes. There are 115 countries (76.2%) that have full 23 time points measurements, 20 countries with 22 measurements, 7 with 21 points, 6 with 19 points, the last 3 countries have 14, 13, 11 time points, respectively.
## number_country
## 11 1
## 13 1
## 14 1
## 19 6
## 21 7
## 22 20
## 23 115
## Total 151
total_deaths_per_million
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## X1 1 3384 480.46 769.77 106.95 308.39 153.81 0.01 6170.19 6170.18 2.61
## kurtosis se
## X1 9.59 13.23
Although Peru is an outlier, removing it from the data does not change much the fitted line.
Many extreme observations in both systems. Unitary group has larger variation. Federal states have higher mean and less variance.
raw scale of democracy in full data
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
## X1 1 3384 56.04 21.75 58.5 55.99 27.28 13.2 98.7 85.5 -0.04 -1.07
## se
## X1 0.37
raw scale of democracy in subset of data of 38 countries, when include trust_gov data
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
## X1 1 873 79.18 13.61 80.3 80.94 11.71 31.1 98.7 67.6 -1.55 3.25
## se
## X1 0.46
standardized scale of democracy in full data
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## X1 1 3384 0 1 0.11 0 1.25 -1.97 1.96 3.93 -0.04 -1.07 0.02
Join distribution of democracy and Covid mortality
In the pooled data, there is a positive relationship between democracy and Covid mortality rate. Note that this is total effect that is ignoring measurement nested in country unit.
raw scale
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
## X1 1 873 49.89 16.22 46.48 48.92 15.2 17.15 84.63 67.49 0.44 -0.44
## se
## X1 0.55
standardized scale
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## X1 1 873 0 1 -0.21 -0.06 0.94 -2.02 2.14 4.16 0.44 -0.44 0.03
Note that number of countries that have data on trust in government is only limited to 38, compared to the bigger sample size of 151 countries above. Democracy in this subset ranges from 31.1 (Russia) to 98.7 (Norway). View summary of democracy in this smaller sample.
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis
## X1 1 873 79.18 13.61 80.3 80.94 11.71 31.1 98.7 67.6 -1.55 3.25
## se
## X1 0.46
raw scale
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## X1 1 3339 0.02 0.98 -0.07 0 0.96 -2.28 2.22 4.5 0.21 -0.59 0.02
standardized scale
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
## X1 1 3339 0 1 -0.09 -0.02 0.98 -2.35 2.25 4.59 0.21 -0.59 0.02
## gdp_percap democracy gov_eff health_index
## gdp_percap 1.0000000000 0.7156173785 8.104987e-01 0.4914180526
## democracy 0.7156173785 1.0000000000 8.008041e-01 0.4814460157
## gov_eff 0.8104986675 0.8008041213 1.000000e+00 0.6102998008
## health_index 0.4914180526 0.4814460157 6.102998e-01 1.0000000000
## trust_gov 0.6216310047 0.4269486780 5.791077e-01 0.2995094613
## month -0.0007499747 -0.0002771089 -3.672145e-06 0.0001557648
## year -0.0010922066 -0.0004035605 -5.347834e-06 0.0002268441
## trust_gov month year
## gdp_percap 0.621631005 -7.499747e-04 -1.092207e-03
## democracy 0.426948678 -2.771089e-04 -4.035605e-04
## gov_eff 0.579107720 -3.672145e-06 -5.347834e-06
## health_index 0.299509461 1.557648e-04 2.268441e-04
## trust_gov 1.000000000 -1.043874e-03 -1.520219e-03
## month -0.001043874 1.000000e+00 -4.572105e-01
## year -0.001520219 -4.572105e-01 1.000000e+00
Check if any predictor are already largely explained by other predictors. Result: All VIF are smaller than 10, the limit value often recommended as a good limit.
## gov_eff gdp_percap health_index
## 3.810623 3.273623 1.954295
## unitary_semi_federal trust_gov
## 1.254340 1.696632
## democracy gdp_percap health_index
## 2.029353 1.794391 2.470565
## unitary_semi_federal
## 1.344000
## democracy gov_eff gdp_percap
## 2.902786 4.842756 3.075865
## health_index unitary_semi_federal
## 1.931409 1.251883
## trust_gov democracy gov_eff gdp_percap health_index
## 1.724965 2.957052 5.017365 3.421911 1.606610